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Real Analysis
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Sequences and Series
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Geometric sequences graphic representations
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One intuitive example of how to sum a geometric series. A geometric series of ratio less than 1 is convergent.
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The geometric series of ratio 1/2 is convergent. We can represent this series using a rectangle and cut it in half successively. Here we use a rectangle such us all rectangles are similar.
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Gamma, the Euler's constant, is defined using a covergent series.
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Powers and Polynomials
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Power with natural exponents are simple and important functions.
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We extend the definition of power of positive integer exponent and their inversas if we consider positive rational exponents.
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We can see how the graph of a polynomial of degree three with three real roots changes when we change a root.
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The powers of natural exponent are the base of the polynomials. We can consider the polynomic function that passes through a series of points of the plane. This is an interpolation problem that is solved here using the Lagrange interpolating polynomial.
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Integral
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The integral concept is associate to the concept of area. We began considering the area limited by the graph of a function and the x-axis between two vertical lines.
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When approximating an integral using rectangles we commit an error. In some cases, for example, in monotonic functions, we can limit the magnitude of the error.
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Archimedes show us in 'The Method' how to use the lever law to discover the area of a parabolic segment.
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Studying the volume of a barrel, Kepler solved a problem about maxima in 1615.
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Taylor's Polynomials
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By increasing the degree, Taylor polynomial approximates the exponential function more and more.
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Mercator published his famous series for the Logarithm Function in 1668. Euler discovered a practical series to calculate.
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By increasing the degree, Taylor polynomial approximates the sine function more and more.
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The function is not defined for values less than -1. Taylor polynomials about the origin approximates the function between -1 and 1.
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The function has a singularity at -1. Taylor polynomials about the origin approximates the function between -1 and 1.
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The function has a singularity at -1. Taylor polynomials about the origin approximates the function between -1 and 1.
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This function has two real singularities at -1 and 1. Taylor polynomials approximate the function in an interval centered at the center of the series. Its radius is the distance to the nearest singularity.
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This is a continuos function and has no real singularities. However, the Taylor series approximates the function only in an interval. To understand this behavior we should consider a complex function.
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Exponentials and Logarithms
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Mercator published his famous series for the Logarithm Function in 1668. Euler discovered a practical series to calculate.
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