matematicas visuales visual math
Quadratic Functions and derivative


A quadratic function is a polynomial function of degree 2.

Polynomial Functions (2): Quadratic functions
Polynomials of degree 2 are quadratic functions. Their graphs are parabolas. To find the x-intercepts we have to solve a quadratic equation. The vertex of a parabola is a maximum of minimum of the function.


We are interested in studying the derivative of simple functions with an intuitive and visual approach. To study the derivative of a quadartic function we are going to follow the same approach that we use in the case of a linear function.

Polinomios y derivada. Funciones cuadráticas: Trayectorias parabólicas de chorros de agua en una fuente | matematicasVisuales

THE CONCEPT OF DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

The derivative of a function at a point can be defined as the instantaneous rate of change or as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at this point. We can say that this slope of the tangent of a function at a point is the slope of the function.

The slope of a function will, in general, depend on x. Then, starting from a function we can get a new function, the derivative function of the original function.

The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation.

The value of the derivative function for any value x is the slope of the original function at x.

Then we start drawing the tangent line to the parabola at a point.

Polynomials and derivative. Quadratic functions: tangent line to a parabola at a point | matematicasVisuales

But how can we draw a tangent line?. We can use a magnifying glass!. If we look very near the point in the parabola we can see how the parabola resembles the tangent line. This tangent line is the best linear approximation of the parabola at that point:

Polynomials and derivative. Quadratic functions: the parabola resembles the tangent line when we look it very near | matematicasVisuales

Then we draw a parallel line to the tangent passing through the value x-1 and we get a right triangle. The length of the vertical side is the slope of the tangent.

Polynomials and derivative. Quadratic functions: drawing the derivative using a parallel line | matematicasVisuales

The derivative function of a quadratic function is a linear function.

Polinomios y derivada. Funciones cuadráticas: La función derivada de la función cuadrática es una función afín | matematicasVisuales

The derivative of a quadratic funtion is:

Polinomios y derivada. Funciones cuadráticas: La función derivada de la función cuadrática es una función afín | matematicasVisuales

As Fermat already knew, at a local maximum or minimum the tangent is horizontal, the derivative is 0. We can see that at the vertex of a parabola the tangent is horizontal and that the derivative of the function cuts the x-axis at this value.

Polinomios y derivada. Funciones cuadráticas: La función derivada de la función cuadrática es una función afín. Vértice, máximo o mínimo | matematicasVisuales

When a is a negative number the parabola opens downward and its derivative is a linear function with negative slope.

Polynomials and derivative. Quadratic functions: example with derivative with negative slope | matematicasVisuales

In this case, the vertex is a maximum and, as before, the tangent is horizontal at that point.

Polynomials and derivative. Quadratic functions: the vertex is a maximum and the tangent at the vertex is horizontal  | matematicasVisuales

One simple and interesting idea is that when we translate up and down the graph of a function (we add or subtract a number from the original function) the derivative does not change. The reason is very intuitive and we can play with the interactive application to see this property. When you move the violet dot you are translating up and down the graph of the function but the derivative is the same:

Polinomios y derivada. Funciones cuadráticas: La función derivada de la función cuadrática es una función afín. Traslaciones verticales no modifican la derivada de una función | matematicasVisuales

It is important to notice that the derivative of a polynomial of degree 1 is a constant function (a polynomial of degree 0). And the derivative of a polynomial of degree 2 is a polynomial of degree 1.

When we derive such a polynomial function the result is a polynomial that has a degree 1 less than the original function.

When we study the integral of a polynomial of degree 2 we can see that in this case the new function is a polynomial of degree 3. One degree more than the original function.

These results are related to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

REFERENCES

Michael Spivak, Calculus, Third Edition, Publish-or-Perish, Inc.
Tom M. Apostol, Calculus, Second Edition, John Willey and Sons, Inc.
I.M. Gelfand, E.G. Glagoleva, E.E. Shnol, 'Functions and Graphs', Dover Publications, Mineola, N.Y.

MORE LINKS

Polynomial functions and derivative (4): Lagrange polynomials (General polynomial functions)
Lagrange polynomials are polynomials that pases through n given points. We use Lagrange polynomials to explore a general polynomial function and its derivative.
Polynomial functions and derivative (5): Antidifferentiation
If the derivative of F(x) is f(x), then we say that an indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x is F(x). We also say that F is an antiderivative or a primitive function of f.
Polynomial Functions (1): Linear functions
Two points determine a stright line. As a function we call it a linear function. We can see the slope of a line and how we can get the equation of a line through two points. We study also the x-intercept and the y-intercept of a linear equation.
Powers with natural exponents (and positive rational exponents)
Power with natural exponents are simple and important functions. Their inverse functions are power with rational exponents (a radical or a nth root)
Polynomial Functions (2): Quadratic functions
Polynomials of degree 2 are quadratic functions. Their graphs are parabolas. To find the x-intercepts we have to solve a quadratic equation. The vertex of a parabola is a maximum of minimum of the function.
Polynomial Functions (3): Cubic functions
Polynomials of degree 3 are cubic functions. A real cubic function always crosses the x-axis at least once.
Polynomial Functions (4): Lagrange interpolating polynomial
We can consider the polynomial function that passes through a series of points of the plane. This is an interpolation problem that is solved here using the Lagrange interpolating polynomial.
Piecewise Linear Functions. Only one piece
As an introduction to Piecewise Linear Functions we study linear functions restricted to an open interval: their graphs are like segments.
Piecewise Constant Functions
A piecewise function is a function that is defined by several subfunctions. If each piece is a constant function then the piecewise function is called Piecewise constant function or Step function.
Continuous Piecewise Linear Functions
A continuous piecewise linear function is defined by several segments or rays connected, without jumps between them.
Definite integral
The integral concept is associate to the concept of area. We began considering the area limited by the graph of a function and the x-axis between two vertical lines.
Monotonic functions are integrable
Monotonic functions in a closed interval are integrable. In these cases we can bound the error we make when approximating the integral using rectangles.
Indefinite integral
If we consider the lower limit of integration a as fixed and if we can calculate the integral for different values of the upper limit of integration b then we can define a new function: an indefinite integral of f.
Polynomial functions and integral (1): Linear functions
It is easy to calculate the area under a straight line. This is the first example of integration that allows us to understand the idea and to introduce several basic concepts: integral as area, limits of integration, positive and negative areas.
Polynomial functions and integral (2): Quadratic functions
To calculate the area under a parabola is more difficult than to calculate the area under a linear function. We show how to approximate this area using rectangles and that the integral function of a polynomial of degree 2 is a polynomial of degree 3.
Polynomial functions and integral (3): Lagrange polynomials (General polynomial functions)
We can see some basic concepts about integration applied to a general polynomial function. Integral functions of polynomial functions are polynomial functions with one degree more than the original function.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (1)
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus tell us that every continuous function has an antiderivative and shows how to construct one using the integral.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (2)
The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is a powerful tool for evaluating definite integral (if we know an antiderivative of the function).
Taylor polynomials (1): Exponential function
By increasing the degree, Taylor polynomial approximates the exponential function more and more.
Taylor polynomials (2): Sine function
By increasing the degree, Taylor polynomial approximates the sine function more and more.
Taylor polynomials (3): Square root
The function is not defined for values less than -1. Taylor polynomials about the origin approximates the function between -1 and 1.
Taylor polynomials (4): Rational function 1
The function has a singularity at -1. Taylor polynomials about the origin approximates the function between -1 and 1.
Taylor polynomials (5): Rational function 2
The function has a singularity at -1. Taylor polynomials about the origin approximates the function between -1 and 1.
Taylor polynomials (6): Rational function with two real singularities
This function has two real singularities at -1 and 1. Taylor polynomials approximate the function in an interval centered at the center of the series. Its radius is the distance to the nearest singularity.
Taylor polynomials (7): Rational function without real singularities
This is a continuos function and has no real singularities. However, the Taylor series approximates the function only in an interval. To understand this behavior we should consider a complex function.
Complex Polynomial Functions(2): Polynomial of degree 2
A polynomial of degree 2 has two zeros or roots. In this representation you can see Cassini ovals and a lemniscate.
Complex Polynomial Functions(3): Polynomial of degree 3
A complex polinomial of degree 3 has three roots or zeros.