Matematicas Visuales | The Complex Exponential Function
matematicas visuales visual math
Compex Expontential Function


The complex Exponential Function is the complex function that we can define as a power series and that extends the real Exponential function to complex values

This series converges everywhere in the complex plane.

In this page we try to show the geometric nature of the mapping

The Exponential Function verifies

The Exponential Function es periodic with period .

The Exponential Function es periodic with period 2 pi | matematicasvisuales

The entiry w-plane (with the exception of the origin) will be filled by the image of any horizontal strip in the z-plante of height .

The entiry w-plane (with the exception of the origin) will be filled by the image of any horizontal strip in the z-plante of height 2 pi | matematicasvisuales

A line is mapped to a spiral (or to a line or to a circle).

A line is mapped to a spiral (or to a line or to a circle) | matematicasvisuales

Euler's formula

can be interpreted as saying that the Exponential Function "wraps the imaginary axis round and round the unit circle like a piece of string" (Tristan Needham).

Euler's formula can be interpreted as saying that the Exponential Function wraps the imaginary axis round and round the unit circle like a piece of string | matematicasvisuales

The half-plane to the left of the imaginary axis is mapped to the interior of the unit circle, and the half-plane to the right of the imaginary axis is mapped to the exterior of the unit circle (Tristan Needham).

The half-plane to the left of the imaginary axis is mapped to the interior of the unit circle, and the half-plane to the right of the imaginary axis is mapped to the exterior of the unit circle (Tristan Needham) | matematicasvisuales

The images of the small squares closely resemble squares and (related to this) any two intersecting lines map to curves that intersect at the same angle as the lines themselves (Tristan Needham).

REFERENCES

Tristan Needham - Visual Complex Analysis. (pags. 64-77) - Oxford University Press

MORE LINKS

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Complex Polynomial Functions(2): Polynomial of degree 2
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Complex Polynomial Functions(3): Polynomial of degree 3
A complex polinomial of degree 3 has three roots or zeros.
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Every complex polynomial of degree n has n zeros or roots.
Complex Polynomial Functions(5): Polynomial of degree n (variant)
Every complex polynomial of degree n has n zeros or roots.
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Podemos modificar las multiplicidades del cero y del polo de estas funciones sencillas.
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The Complex Cosine Function maps horizontal lines to confocal ellipses.
Inversion
Inversion is a plane transformation that transform straight lines and circles in straight lines and circles.
Inversion: an anticonformal transformation
Inversion preserves the magnitud of angles but the sense is reversed. Orthogonal circles are mapped into orthogonal circles
Multifunctions: Powers with fractional exponent
The usual definition of a function is restrictive. We may broaden the definition of a function to allow f(z) to have many differente values for a single value of z. In this case f is called a many-valued function or a multifunction.
Multifunctions: Two branch points
Multifunctions can have more than one branch point. In this page we can see a two-valued multifunction with two branch points.
Taylor polynomials: Complex Exponential Function
The complex exponential function is periodic. His power series converges everywhere in the complex plane.
Taylor polynomials: Complex Cosine Function
The power series of the Cosine Function converges everywhere in the complex plane.
Taylor polynomials: Rational function with two complex singularities
We will see how Taylor polynomials approximate the function inside its circle of convergence.
Exponentials and Logarithms (7): The exponential as the inverse of the logarithm
After the definition of the natural logarithm function as an integral you can define the exponential function as the inverse function of the logarithm.
Exponentials and Logarithms (1): Exponential Functions
We can study several properties of exponential functions, their derivatives and an introduction to the number e.
Taylor polynomials (1): Exponential function
By increasing the degree, Taylor polynomial approximates the exponential function more and more.