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Para justificar la propiedad de la hipérbola
podemos dividir el intervalo entre a y b y considerar varios rectángulos que aproximan el área. Si los extremos del intervalo los multiplicamos por un número positivo se puede dividir ese nuevo intervalo en el mismo número de rectángulos. Cada uno de esos rectángulos tiene la misma área que los correspondientes en el primer intervalo.
En el applet podemos modificar los extremos de los intervalos y también el número de rectángulos de la partición.
Pulsando la animación, los rectángulos se transforman de modo continuo.
El logaritmo natural se puede definir como una integral de la hipérbola y, usando esta propiedad, podemos justificar que el logaritmo de un producto es la suma de los logaritmos.
REFERENCES
A. I. Markushevich, Areas and Logarithms, D.C. Heath and Company, 1963.
Serge Lang, A First Course in Calculus, Third Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Tom M. Apostol, Calculus, Second Edition, John Willey and Sons, Inc.
Michael Spivak, Calculus, Third Edition, Publish-or-Perish, Inc.
Otto Toeplitz, The Calculus, a genetic approach, The University of Chicago Press, 1963.
Kenneth A. Ross, Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 1980.
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The main property of a logarithm function is that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the individual factors.
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Using the integral of the equilateral hyperbola we can define a new function that is the natural logarithm function.
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We can study several properties of exponential functions, their derivatives and an introduction to the number e.
The logarithm of the number e is equal to 1. Using this definition of the number e we can approximate its value.
Constant e is the number whose natural logarithm is 1. It can be defined as a limit of a sequence related with the compound interest. Both definitions for e are equivalent.
After the definition of the natural logarithm function as an integral you can define the exponential function as the inverse function of the logarithm.
Different hyperbolas allow us to define different logarithms functions and their inversas, exponentials functions.
Mercator published his famous series for the Logarithm Function in 1668. Euler discovered a practical series to calculate.
By increasing the degree, Taylor polynomial approximates the exponential function more and more.
The Complex Exponential Function extends the Real Exponential Function to the complex plane.
The complex exponential function is periodic. His power series converges everywhere in the complex plane.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus tell us that every continuous function has an antiderivative and shows how to construct one using the integral.
The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is a powerful tool for evaluating definite integral (if we know an antiderivative of the function).
As an introduction to Piecewise Linear Functions we study linear functions restricted to an open interval: their graphs are like segments.
A piecewise function is a function that is defined by several subfunctions. If each piece is a constant function then the piecewise function is called Piecewise constant function or Step function.
A continuous piecewise linear function is defined by several segments or rays connected, without jumps between them.
The integral of power functions was know by Cavalieri from n=1 to n=9. Fermat was able to solve this problem using geometric progressions.
If the derivative of F(x) is f(x), then we say that an indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x is F(x). We also say that F is an antiderivative or a primitive function of f.
The integral concept is associate to the concept of area. We began considering the area limited by the graph of a function and the x-axis between two vertical lines.
Monotonic functions in a closed interval are integrable. In these cases we can bound the error we make when approximating the integral using rectangles.
If we consider the lower limit of integration a as fixed and if we can calculate the integral for different values of the upper limit of integration b then we can define a new function: an indefinite integral of f.
We can consider the polynomial function that passes through a series of points of the plane. This is an interpolation problem that is solved here using the Lagrange interpolating polynomial.